The English Flag

By Rudyard Kipling

Winds of the World, give answer! They are whimpering to and fro, And what should they know of England who only England know?, The poor little street-bred people that vapour and fume and brag, They are lifting their heads in the stillness to yelp at the English Flag! Must we borrow a clout from the Boer, to plaster anew with dirt? An Irish liar's bandage, or an English coward's shirt? We may not speak of England; her Flag's to sell or share. What is the Flag of England? Winds of the World, declare! The North Wind blew:, "From Bergen my steel-shod vanguards go; I chase your lazy whalers home from the Disko floe; By the great North Lights above me I work the will of God, And the liner splits on the ice-field or the Dogger fills with cod. "I barred my gates with iron, I shuttered my doors with flame, Because to force my ramparts your nutshell navies came; I took the sun from their presence, I cut them down with my blast, And they died, but the Flag of England blew free ere the spirit passed. "The lean white bear hath seen it in the long, long Arctic night, The musk-ox knows the standard that flouts the Northern Light: What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my bergs to dare, Ye have but my drifts to conquer. Go forth, for it is there!" The South Wind sighed:, "From the Virgins my mid-sea course was ta'en Over a thousand islands lost in an idle main, Where the sea-egg flames on the coral and the long-backed breakers croon Their endless ocean legends to the lazy, locked lagoon. "Strayed amid lonely islets, mazed amid outer keys, I waked the palms to laughter, I tossed the scud in the breeze, Never was isle so little, never was sea so lone, But over the scud and the palm-trees an English flag was flown. "I have wrenched it free from the halliard to hang for a wisp on the Horn; I have chased it north to the Lizard, ribboned and rolled and torn; I have spread its fold o'er the dying, adrift in a hopeless sea; I have hurled it swift on the slaver, and seen the slave set free. "My basking sunfish know it, and wheeling albatross, Where the lone wave fills with fire beneath the Southern Cross. What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my reefs to dare, Ye have but my seas to furrow. Go forth, for it is there!" The East Wind roared:, "From the Kuriles, the Bitter Seas, I come, And me men call the Home-Wind, for I bring the English home. Look, look well to your shipping! By the breath of my mad typhoon I swept your close-packed Praya and beached your best at Kowloon! "The reeling junks behind me and the racing seas before, I raped your richest roadstead, I plundered Singapore! I set my hand on the Hoogli; as a hooded snake she rose, And I flung your stoutest steamers to roost with the startled crows. "Never the lotus closes, never the wild-fowl wake, But a soul goes out on the East Wind that died for England's sake, Man or woman or suckling, mother or bride or maid, Because on the bones of the English the English Flag is stayed. "The desert-dust hath dimmed it, the flying wild-ass knows, The scared white leopard winds it across the taintless snows. What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my sun to dare, Ye have but my sands to travel. Go forth, for it is there!" The West Wind called:, "In squadrons the thoughtless galleons fly That bear the wheat and cattle lest street-bred people die. They make my might their porter, they make my house their path, Till I loose my neck from their rudder and whelm them all in my wrath. "I draw the gliding fog-bank as a snake is drawn from the hole, They bellow one to the other, the frighted ship-bells toll, For day is a drifting terror till I raise the shroud with my breath, And they see strange bows above them and the two go locked to death. "But whether in calm or wrack-wreath, whether by dark or day, I heave them whole to the conger or rip their plates away, First of the scattered legions, under a shrieking sky, Dipping between the rollers, the English Flag goes by. "The dead dumb fog hath wrapped it, the frozen dews have kissed, The naked stars have seen it, a fellow-star in the mist. What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my breath to dare, Ye have but my waves to conquer. Go forth, for it is there!"

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This lengthy poem is an exploration of English national identity, colonialism, and the power of nature. It is structured as a dialogue between the "Winds of the World" and those who question the extent of the English nation. Each wind, representing a cardinal direction, offers a distinct perspective on the reach of England and its flag. The use of the winds as speakers gives the poem a global scale and a spiritual depth, suggesting the English influence is not just physical but also metaphysical.

The poem's tone is one of challenge and defiance, underscored by its repeated refrain, "What is the Flag of England?" This refrain is always answered with an invitation to dare, to conquer, to go forth, underscoring the themes of exploration and imperialism. The use of vivid, often harsh, imagery throughout the poem paints a picture of the struggle and loss that comes with such conquest. Despite the hardships, the English flag is depicted as persistently present, symbolizing resilience.

While the poem is a celebration of the English spirit and its apparently unyielding presence across the globe, it also implicitly raises questions about the costs of such dominance. The descriptions of the flag "ribboned and rolled and torn" and of souls going "out on the East Wind" for England's sake hint at the sacrifices made and the violence enacted in the name of national expansion.

In its grand scale, its stirring language, and its exploration of national identity and imperialism, the poem engages with complex themes in a manner that is both provocative and deeply stirring. It's a powerful, if contentious, testament to the English spirit as perceived during a time of colonial expansion.

Understanding Ballads

A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music, that has been a cornerstone of storytelling across various cultures. Traditionally passed down orally, ballads are known for their rhythmic structure and often tell tales of love, adventure, and heroism.


Ballads are characterized by their strong rhythm and repetition, making them both memorable and engaging. Here are some defining features:

  • Narrative Structure: Ballads typically tell a story, often a dramatic or emotional tale that unfolds in a straightforward, chronological order.
  • Quatrain Stanzas: Most ballads are composed of quatrains (four-line stanzas) with a rhyme scheme of ABAB or ABCB, which adds to the musicality of the verse.
  • Repetition: Refrains or repeated lines are common in ballads, helping to emphasize key themes or emotions and making the ballad easier to remember.
  • Oral Tradition: Many ballads originated from oral traditions, which means they were passed down through generations by word of mouth before being written down.

From medieval minstrels to contemporary songwriters, ballads have continued to evolve, remaining a beloved form of expression that captures the human experience in a way that is both poetic and accessible.