A Tree Song

By Rudyard Kipling

Of all the trees that grow so fair, Old England to adorn, Greater are none beneath the Sun, Than Oak, and Ash, and Thorn. Sing Oak, and Ash, and Thorn, good sirs, (All of a Midsummer morn!) Surely we sing no little thing, In Oak, and Ash, and Thorn! Oak of the Clay lived many a day, Or ever AEneas began. Ash of the Loam was a lady at home, When Brut was an outlaw man. Thorn of the Down saw New Troy Town (From which was London born); Witness hereby the ancientry Of Oak, and Ash, and Thorn! Yew that is old in churchyard-mould, He breedeth a mighty bow. Alder for shoes do wise men choose, And beech for cups also. But when ye have killed, and your bowl is spilled, And your shoes are clean outworn, Back ye must speed for all that ye need, To Oak, and Ash, and Thorn! Ellum she hateth mankind, and waiteth Till every gust be laid, To drop a limb on the head of him That anyway trusts her shade: But whether a lad be sober or sad, Or mellow with ale from the horn, He will take no wrong when he lieth along 'Neath Oak, and Ash, and Thorn! Oh, do not tell the Priest our plight, Or he would call it a sin; But we have been out in the woods all night, A-conjuring Summer in! And we bring you news by word of mouth, Good news for cattle and corn, Now is the Sun come up from the South, With Oak, and Ash, and Thorn! Sing Oak, and Ash, and Thorn, good sirs (All of a Midsummer morn): England shall bide ti11 Judgment Tide, By Oak, and Ash, and Thorn!

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is a rich and vibrant celebration of England's natural heritage, specifically focusing on the symbolic and practical importance of the country's native trees: the oak, ash, and thorn. The poet uses these trees to trace England's history, from ancient times to present, showcasing their enduring presence and importance. The key themes that emerge include natural history, tradition, and a sense of national identity tied to the land.

The poem is structured in stanzas, each focusing on different aspects of the trees' significance. The tone throughout is both reverential and jovial, as the poet intertwines the trees' historical importance with their everyday uses. There is also an undercurrent of mysticism, particularly in the references to Midsummer morn and the conjuring of Summer, which adds an element of folklore and magic.

The repeated refrain, "Oak, and Ash, and Thorn," serves as a powerful motif that ties the poem together, underscoring the trees' iconic status. The poet also employs vivid imagery and personification, giving each tree distinctive traits and roles, from the mighty, old oak, to the lady-like ash, and the watching thorn. This anthropomorphism adds depth to the poem, turning the trees into characters in England's unfolding story.

In essence, this poem is a tribute to England's natural landscape, weaving together elements of history, folklore, and everyday life to illustrate the enduring bond between the land and its people. It invites readers to appreciate the beauty and significance of the natural world around them, a message that remains relevant and resonant today.

Understanding Ballads

A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music, that has been a cornerstone of storytelling across various cultures. Traditionally passed down orally, ballads are known for their rhythmic structure and often tell tales of love, adventure, and heroism.


Ballads are characterized by their strong rhythm and repetition, making them both memorable and engaging. Here are some defining features:

  • Narrative Structure: Ballads typically tell a story, often a dramatic or emotional tale that unfolds in a straightforward, chronological order.
  • Quatrain Stanzas: Most ballads are composed of quatrains (four-line stanzas) with a rhyme scheme of ABAB or ABCB, which adds to the musicality of the verse.
  • Repetition: Refrains or repeated lines are common in ballads, helping to emphasize key themes or emotions and making the ballad easier to remember.
  • Oral Tradition: Many ballads originated from oral traditions, which means they were passed down through generations by word of mouth before being written down.

From medieval minstrels to contemporary songwriters, ballads have continued to evolve, remaining a beloved form of expression that captures the human experience in a way that is both poetic and accessible.