A Tale Of Two Cities

By Rudyard Kipling

Where the sober-colored cultivator smiles On his byles; Where the cholera, the cyclone, and the crow Come and go; Where the merchant deals in indigo and tea, Hides and ghi; Where the Babu drops inflammatory hints In his prints; Stands a City, Charnock chose it, packed away Near a Bay, By the Sewage rendered fetid, by the sewer Made impure, By the Sunderbunds unwholesome, by the swamp Moist and damp; And the City and the Viceroy, as we see, Don't agree. Once, two hundered years ago, the trader came Meek and tame. Where his timid foot first halted, there he stayed, Till mere trade Grew to Empire, and he sent his armies forth South and North Till the country from Peshawur to Ceylon Was his own. Thus the midday halt of Charnock, more's the pity! Grew a City. As the fungus sprouts chaotic from its bed, So it spread, Chance-directed, chance-erected, laid and built On the silt, Palace, byre, hovel, poverty and pride, Side by side; And, above the packed and pestilential town, Death looked down. But the Rulers in that City by the Sea Turned to flee, Fled, with each returning spring-tide from its ills To the Hills. From the clammy fogs of morning, from the blaze Of old days, From the sickness of the noontide, from the heat, Beat retreat; For the country from Peshawur to Ceylon Was their own. But the Merchant risked the perils of the Plain For his gain. Now the resting-place of Charnock, 'neath the palms, Asks an alms, And the burden of its lamentation is, Briefly, this: "Because for certain months, we boil and stew, So should you. Cast the Viceroy and his Council, to perspire In our fire!" And for answer to the argument, in vain We explain That an amateur Saint Lawrence cannot fry: "All must fry!" That the Merchant risks the perils of the Plain For gain. Nor can Rulers rule a house that men grow rich in, From its kitchen. Let the Babu drop inflammatory hints In his prints; And mature, consistent soul, his plan for stealing To Darjeeling: Let the Merchant seek, who makes his silver pile, England's isle; Let the City Charnock pitched on, evil day! Go Her way. Though the argosies of Asia at Her doors Heap their stores, Though Her enterprise and energy secure Income sure, Though "out-station orders punctually obeyed" Swell Her trade, Still, for rule, administration, and the rest, Simla's best.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is a rich tapestry of social commentary and historical narrative, exploring themes of colonialism, exploitation, disease, and urban decay. The tone oscillates between critical, ironic, and melancholic, highlighting the consequences of empire-building and the dichotomy between the rulers and the ruled.

The poem uses vivid imagery to present the city as a place of disease, poverty, and death, a stark contrast to the wealth and power of the rulers and merchants who have made it their own. The phrase "By the Sewage rendered fetid, by the sewer made impure" reveals the city's decay and lack of sanitation, a result of exploitative practices and neglect. The city's growth is described as a "fungus sprouting chaotic from its bed," an image that underscores the uncontrolled, harmful expansion.

The poem also employs irony to criticize the rulers who flee the city's perils for the hills, leaving the merchants to risk the dangers for their gain. The repeated phrase "For his gain" emphasizes the theme of greed and exploitation. The narrative is seasoned with veiled political commentary, embodied in "the Babu" who "drops inflammatory hints in his prints," a figure representing local resistance to colonial rule.

As for the structure, the poem uses a consistent rhyme scheme and rhythm, which lend a sense of order and continuity to the chaotic scenes it depicts. This juxtaposition further highlights the disconnect between the rulers' ambitions and the city's reality.

In sum, the poem is a powerful critique of colonial exploitation and its devastating effects, using compelling imagery and irony to convey its themes.

Understanding Satirical Poetry

Satirical poems use wit, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to expose folly—personal, social, or political. The aim isn’t just laughter: it’s critique that nudges readers toward insight or change.


Common characteristics of satirical poetry:

  • Targeted Critique: Focuses on specific behaviors, institutions, or ideas—often timely, sometimes timeless.
  • Tools of Irony: Uses sarcasm, parody, understatement, and hyperbole to sharpen the point.
  • Voice & Persona: Speakers may be unreliable or exaggerated to reveal contradictions and hypocrisy.
  • Form Flexibility: Appears in couplets, tercets, quatrains, blank verse, or free verse—music serves the mockery.
  • Moral Pressure: Beneath the humor lies ethical pressure—satire seeks reform, not merely amusement.
  • Public & Personal: Can lampoon public figures and trends or needle private vanities and everyday pretenses.

The best satire balances bite with craft: memorable lines that entertain while revealing the gap between how things are and how they ought to be.