Address Of Beelzebub To The President Of The Highland Society

By Robert Burns

        Long life, my Lord, an' health be yours,         Unskaith'd by hunger'd Highland boors;         Lord grant mae duddie desperate beggar,         Wi' dirk, claymore, or rusty trigger,         May twin auld Scotland o' a life         She likes, as lambkins like a knife.         Faith, you and A----s were right         To keep the Highland hounds in sight;         I doubt na! they wad bid nae better         Than let them ance out owre the water;         Then up among the lakes and seas         They'll mak' what rules and laws they please;         Some daring Hancock, or a Franklin';         May set their Highland bluid a ranklin';         Some Washington again may head them,         Or some Montgomery fearless lead them,         Till God knows what may be effected         When by such heads and hearts directed,         Poor dunghill sons of dirt and mire         May to Patrician rights aspire!         Nae sage North, now, nor sager Sackville,         To watch and premier o'er the pack vile,         An' whare will ye get Howes and Clintons         To bring them to a right repentance,         To cowe the rebel generation,         An' save the honour o' the nation?         They an' be d----d! what right hae they         To meat or sleep, or light o' day?         Far less to riches, pow'r, or freedom,         But what your lordship likes to gie them?         But hear, my lord! Glengarry, hear!         Your hand's owre light on them, I fear;         Your factors, grieves, trustees, and bailies,         I canna' say but they do gaylies;         They lay aside a' tender mercies,         An' tirl the hallions to the birses;         Yet while they're only poind't and herriet,         They'll keep their stubborn Highland spirit;         But smash them! crash them a' to spails!         An' rot the dyvors i' the jails!         The young dogs, swinge them to the labour;         Let wark an' hunger mak' them sober!         The hizzies, if they're aughtlins fawsont,         Let them in Drury-lane be lesson'd!         An' if the wives an' dirty brats         E'en thigger at your doors an' yetts,         Flaffan wi' duds an' grey wi' beas',         Frightin' awa your deuks an' geese,         Get out a horsewhip or a jowler,         The langest thong, the fiercest growler,         An' gar the tattered gypsies pack         Wi' a' their bastards on their back!         Go on, my Lord! I lang to meet you,         An' in my house at hame to greet you;         Wi' common lords ye shanna mingle,         The benmost neuk beside the ingle,         At my right han' assigned your seat         'Tween Herod's hip an Polycrate,         Or if you on your station tarrow,         Between Almagro and Pizarro,         A seat I'm sure ye're weel deservin't;         An' till ye come, Your humble rervant,     BEELZEBUB.     June 1st, Anno Mundi 5790.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is a biting satirical commentary on classism and the oppressive structures of power, particularly within the context of 18th-century Scotland. The poem’s speaker, Beelzebub, a biblical demon, addresses a "Lord" who is seen as an oppressive force against the impoverished and the destitute. The choice of Beelzebub as a pseudonymous speaker allows the poet to use ironic moral inversion to criticize the ruling class.

The poem employs vivid and often harsh language, evoking images of violence, desperation, and the raw survival instincts of the downtrodden. It also uses heavy Scottish dialect, which adds a layer of authenticity to the narrative while also highlighting the cultural and social divisions within the society. The poem's structure is consistent, with each stanza adhering to a rhythmic and rhyming pattern that gives a sense of disciplined structure, contrasting the chaotic and unjust world it describes.

The poem's tone is sarcastic and accusatory, as the speaker admonishes the Lord for his actions and encourages further oppression, an irony that underscores the critique of authority. The references to historical figures like Washington, Franklin, and Montgomery suggest a parallel between Scotland's situation and the American Revolution, hinting at the potential for uprising and change. The poem ends on a note of harsh sarcasm, with Beelzebub expressing eager anticipation to meet the Lord, reinforcing the poem's overall critique of the societal elite.

This poem is a powerful social commentary that uses irony, vivid imagery, and cultural dialect to challenge the classist order of the time, all while maintaining a compelling rhythmic structure.

Understanding Satirical Poetry

Satirical poems use wit, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to expose folly—personal, social, or political. The aim isn’t just laughter: it’s critique that nudges readers toward insight or change.


Common characteristics of satirical poetry:

  • Targeted Critique: Focuses on specific behaviors, institutions, or ideas—often timely, sometimes timeless.
  • Tools of Irony: Uses sarcasm, parody, understatement, and hyperbole to sharpen the point.
  • Voice & Persona: Speakers may be unreliable or exaggerated to reveal contradictions and hypocrisy.
  • Form Flexibility: Appears in couplets, tercets, quatrains, blank verse, or free verse—music serves the mockery.
  • Moral Pressure: Beneath the humor lies ethical pressure—satire seeks reform, not merely amusement.
  • Public & Personal: Can lampoon public figures and trends or needle private vanities and everyday pretenses.

The best satire balances bite with craft: memorable lines that entertain while revealing the gap between how things are and how they ought to be.