The Black Sheep

By Ella Wheeler Wilcox

    'Black sheep, black sheep, have you any wool?'     Yes, sir - yes, sir:    three bags full.'     'I don't want any New Thought,' said he,     'Or any Theosophy, for, you see,     The faith I learned at my mother's knee     Is good enough for me.     Of course, I'm a wee bit broader than she,     Hearing one sermon where she heard three,     And I read my paper on Sunday, instead     Of the Bible only.    My mother said     I was a black sheep, when she saw     I strayed a trifle away from the law,     And didn't think every one left in the lurch     Who happened to go to a different church;     But, still, in the main, her creed is mine,     And I don't want anything more divine.'     Yet his mother's mother was more austere;     She taught her children a creed of fear,     And she called them 'black sheep' when, with a shock,     She saw them straying away from the flock,     Just far enough     To get around places they thought too rough,     Like infant damnation and endless hell.     But his mother's mother's mother would tell     How her mother thought it was God's sweet will     To punish and torture a heretic till     They drove out the devil that made him dare     Think for himself in the matter of prayer     And faith and salvation.    So we see how it is     If we look back over the centuries -     The creeds men learned at their mother's knee     When Salem witches were hanged to a tree,     And the pious dames flocked thither to see,     Are not deemed Christian or holy to-day;     And the bold black sheep who went straying away     From rut-worn paths in their search for God,     And leaped over the fence into pastures broad,     Are the great trail-makers for mortal souls,     Leading the race up to higher goals     And a larger religion; where man must find     God dwelling ever within his mind,     Christ in his conduct, and heaven in his thought,     And hell but the places where love is not.     A mighty religion that makes this earth     But the cradle that fits us for death's new birth     And the life beyond it, that is so near     Its echoes may reach to the listening ear.     'Black sheep, black sheep, have you any wool?'     'Yes, sir - yes, sir:    a whole world full.'

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is an intriguing exploration of personal spiritual development, tradition, and the concept of religious "otherness" symbolized as the "black sheep." The poem juxtaposes religious conservatism, represented by the mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, with the speaker's progressive outlook, represented by the metaphorical black sheep. The tone reveals a subtle critique of rigid religious dogma and an appreciation for individual spiritual journeys.

The structure of the poem is notable for its use of repetition and varied line lengths, which work to emphasize key ideas and create a rhythm that carries the reader through the narrative. The repeated phrase, "Black sheep, black sheep, have you any wool?" is an allusion to a well-known nursery rhyme, giving the poem an innocent undercurrent that contrasts with the serious subject matter. Moreover, the repeated phrase bookends the poem, providing a sense of wholeness and closure.

The poem employs a few standout literary devices, including metaphor, allusion, and anaphora. The "black sheep" serves as a recurring metaphor for those who stray from traditional religious beliefs, while the allusion to the Salem witch trials underscores the historical persecution of these individuals. The use of anaphora, repeating the phrase "And the...", creates a rhythmic, list-like effect that emphasizes the speaker's evolving spiritual beliefs.

Overall, this poem emphasizes the importance of personal spiritual evolution and criticizes dogmatic adherence to outdated religious beliefs. It encourages us to embrace the "black sheep," those who dare to think differently, as they are often the ones who lead us towards a broader, more inclusive understanding of spirituality.

Exploring Narrative Poetry

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well. Unlike lyric poetry, which focuses on emotions and thoughts, narrative poetry is dedicated to storytelling, weaving tales that captivate readers through plot and character development.


Narrative poems are unique in their ability to combine the depth of storytelling with the expressive qualities of poetry. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Structured Plot: Narrative poems typically have a clear beginning, middle, and end, following a plot that might involve conflict, climax, and resolution, much like a short story or novel.
  • Character Development: Characters in narrative poems are often well-developed, with distinct voices and personalities that drive the story forward.
  • Descriptive Language: The language used in narrative poetry is vivid and descriptive, painting a clear picture of the scenes and events, while also conveying the emotions and atmosphere of the story.

From ancient epics like "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" to more modern narrative poems, this form continues to engage readers by blending the art of storytelling with the beauty and rhythm of poetry.