Sonnets on English Dramatic Poets (1590-1650): Thomas Middleton

By Algernon Charles Swinburne

    A wild moon riding high from cloud to cloud,     That sees and sees not, glimmering far beneath,     Hells children revel along the shuddering heath     With dirge-like mirth and raiment like a shroud:     A worse fair face than witchcrafts, passion-proud,     With brows blood-flecked behind their bridal wreath     And lips that bade the assassins sword find sheath     Deep in the heart whereto loves heart was vowed:     A game of close contentious crafts and creeds     Played till white England bring black Spain to shame:     A sons bright sword and brighter soul, whose deeds     High conscience lights for mothers love and fame:     Pure gipsy flowers, and poisonous courtly weeds:     Such tokens and such trophies crown thy name.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This is a highly evocative poem that teems with vivid imagery and potent metaphors. It opens with the striking image of a "wild moon," a heavenly body that is completely oblivious to the mortal goings-on beneath it. From the outset, there's a sense of detachment and indifference, which is immediately contrasted by the tumultuous scene unfolding on the "shuddering heath" below. The tone is dark and foreboding, hinting at themes of darkness, excess, and perhaps even sacrilege.

The second half of the poem introduces a more personal, human element. There's a complex intertwining of love, betrayal, and violence, tied together with vibrant, often shocking imagery. This part of the poem introduces themes of passion, deception, and honor, creating a stark contrast with the impersonal, indifferent moon from the first half. The poem concludes on a note of triumph and defiance, although it's unclear whether this is a triumph of good over evil, or simply the continuation of the chaotic, violent cycle depicted throughout the poem.

In terms of structure, the poem is written in a tight, disciplined form, with a consistent metrical pattern and a clear rhyme scheme. Despite the chaotic, tumultuous imagery, there's a sense of order and control, suggesting that the chaos is not random, but rather a product of human actions and decisions. This lends a sense of urgency and importance to the poem, suggesting that the violent, chaotic world it depicts is not inevitable, but the result of choices made by the individuals involved.

Overall, this is a powerful, thought-provoking poem that uses vivid imagery and powerful metaphors to explore themes of indifference, chaos, passion, and agency. While the tone is dark and often unsettling, there's also a sense of defiance and resilience, suggesting that even in the face of overwhelming darkness, there's still room for hope and resistance.

Understanding the Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the most enduring and celebrated forms of poetry, known for its strict structure and profound themes. With a history spanning centuries, sonnets have been used to explore love, beauty, politics, and mortality, all within the confines of just 14 lines.


Sonnets are characterized by their precise form and rhyme scheme, which vary depending on the type of sonnet. Here’s a closer look:

  • Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: Composed of three quatrains followed by a final couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG. This form often builds a complex argument or narrative, culminating in a powerful closing statement.
  • Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: Divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with a typical rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA for the octave, followed by various patterns in the sestet such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The octave usually presents a problem, with the sestet providing a resolution.
  • Meter: Sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter, which gives the poem a rhythmic and melodic quality that enhances its emotional impact.

The sonnet’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to condense complex emotions and ideas into a small but potent package, making it a favorite form for poets seeking to explore profound themes with precision and elegance.