Sonnets on English Dramatic Poets (1590-1650): James Shirley

By Algernon Charles Swinburne

    The dusk of days decline was hard on dark     When evening trembled round thy glowworm lamp     That shone across her shades and dewy damp     A small clear beacon whose benignant spark     Was gracious yet for loiterers eyes to mark,     Though changed the watchword of our English camp     Since the outposts rang round Marlowes lion ramp,     When thy steeds pace went ambling round Hyde Park.     And in the thickening twilight under thee     Walks Davenant, pensive in the paths where he,     The blithest throat that ever carolled love     In music made of mornings merriest heart,     Glad Suckling, stumbled from his seat above     And reeled on slippery roads of alien art.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is an evocative journey through time and memory, filled with elements of nostalgia and a deep reverence for artistic predecessors. The poet skillfully uses the setting of dusk and the metaphor of a 'glowworm lamp' to depict the passage of time and the enduring nature of artistry. The lamp, acting as a 'small clear beacon', suggests the comforting and guiding role of the past, the heritage of literature, in the life of an artist.

The tone of the poem is contemplative and a bit melancholy, with a tangible sense of longing for a bygone era. It reflects on the evolution of English literature, referencing Marlowe's 'lion ramp', an allusion to the iconic playwright and poet Christopher Marlowe, further highlighting the poet's sense of connection with literary history. Davenant and Suckling, two other significant figures in English literature, are also invoked, further deepening this connection. The final lines, portraying Suckling's "stumble" into "alien art", seem to lament the loss of innocence, or the sacrifices made, in the pursuit of artistic evolution. The poem's structure, with its meticulous rhyme scheme and rhythmic cadence, adds to its overall reflective and nostalgic tone. The poet's use of personification, metaphor, and allusion all contribute to creating a rich tapestry of literary tradition and continuity.

Understanding the Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the most enduring and celebrated forms of poetry, known for its strict structure and profound themes. With a history spanning centuries, sonnets have been used to explore love, beauty, politics, and mortality, all within the confines of just 14 lines.


Sonnets are characterized by their precise form and rhyme scheme, which vary depending on the type of sonnet. Here’s a closer look:

  • Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: Composed of three quatrains followed by a final couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG. This form often builds a complex argument or narrative, culminating in a powerful closing statement.
  • Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: Divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with a typical rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA for the octave, followed by various patterns in the sestet such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The octave usually presents a problem, with the sestet providing a resolution.
  • Meter: Sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter, which gives the poem a rhythmic and melodic quality that enhances its emotional impact.

The sonnet’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to condense complex emotions and ideas into a small but potent package, making it a favorite form for poets seeking to explore profound themes with precision and elegance.