Prologue to The Duchess of Malfy

By Algernon Charles Swinburne

    When Shakespeare soared from life to death, above     All praise, all adoration, save of love,     As here on earth above all men he stood     That were or are or shall be, great, and good,     Past thank or thought of England or of man,     Light from the sunset quickened as it ran.     His word, who sang as never man may sing     And spake as never voice of man may ring,     Not fruitless fell, as seed on sterile ways,     But brought forth increase even to Shakespeare's praise.     Our skies were thrilled and filled, from sea to sea,     With stars outshining all their suns to be.     No later light of tragic song they knew     Like his whose lightning clove the sunset through.     Half Shakespeare's glory, when his hand sublime     Bade all the change of tragic life and time     Live, and outlive all date of quick and dead,     Fell, rested, and shall rest on Webster's head.     Round him the shadows cast on earth by light     Rose, changed, and shone, transfiguring death and night.     Where evil only crawled and hissed and slew     On ways where nought save shame and bloodshed grew,     He bade the loyal light of honour live,     And love, when stricken through the heart, forgive.     Deep down the midnight of the soul of sin     He lit the star of mercy throned therein.     High up the darkness of sublime despair     He set the sun of love to triumph there.     Things foul or frail his touch made strong and pure,     And bade things transient like to stars endure.     Terror, on wings whose flight made night in heaven,     Pity, with hands whence life took love for leaven,     Breathed round him music whence his mortal breath     Drew life that bade forgetfulness and death     Die: life that bids his light of fiery fame     Endure with England's, yea, with Shakespeare's name.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This richly textured poem is a tribute to the enduring influence of literary giants, particularly William Shakespeare and John Webster, and the transformative power of their work. The theme of transcendence, achieved through the medium of writing, is strongly emphasized throughout the piece. The tone is reverential, underscoring the immense respect the poet has for these figures and their contributions to literature.

The poem employs a complex structure, with lengthy lines and a sophisticated vocabulary that imbues it with a sense of grandeur befitting its subjects. The imagery used is equally grand, with frequent references to celestial bodies, light, and darkness symbolizing the enduring brilliance of Shakespeare and Webster's work and its ability to illuminate even the bleakest aspects of human nature. The use of personification and metaphor, such as the description of Shakespeare's words as seeds that did not fall "fruitless" but brought forth "increase," further underscores the lasting impact of their literary output.

The poet also highlights the transformative power of literature, as evidenced in lines like "Things foul or frail his touch made strong and pure," and "And bade things transient like to stars endure." The implication is that through their work, these titans of literature were able to find beauty and permanence in the transient and imperfect, thus bestowing on them a kind of immortality. The final lines firmly establish the enduring legacy of these writers, asserting that their names will endure alongside England itself. This poem is therefore not just a tribute, but a testament to the enduring power of literature and the transformative potential of great writing.

Understanding Elegy

An elegy is a form of poetry that expresses sorrow or lamentation, often for someone who has died. This type of poetry serves as a tribute to the deceased, reflecting on their life and the grief left behind.


Elegies are deeply emotional and personal, exploring themes of loss, mourning, and remembrance. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Mournful Tone: Elegies are characterized by a tone of sadness and reflection, as the poet grapples with the pain of loss.
  • Tribute to the Deceased: The subject of an elegy is often someone who has passed away, with the poem serving as a memorial that honors their life and legacy.
  • Personal Reflection: Elegies often include personal reflections on the impact of the deceased on the poet's life, as well as broader musings on mortality and the human condition.
  • Structure and Form: While elegies can vary in form, they often follow a traditional structure that includes an expression of grief, praise for the deceased, and a sense of consolation or acceptance.

From ancient times to the present, elegies have provided a way for poets to navigate the complexities of grief and loss, offering solace and a means of preserving the memory of those who have passed.