Perinde ac Cadaver

By Algernon Charles Swinburne

    In a vision Liberty stood     By the childless charm-stricken bed     Where, barren of glory and good,     Knowing nought if she would not or would,     England slept with her dead.     Her face that the foam had whitened,     Her hands that were strong to strive,     Her eyes whence battle had lightened,     Over all was a drawn shroud tightened     To bind her asleep and alive.     She turned and laughed in her dream     With grey lips arid and cold;     She saw not the face as a beam     Burn on her, but only a gleam     Through her sleep as of new-stamped gold.     But the goddess, with terrible tears     In the light of her down-drawn eyes,     Spake fire in the dull sealed ears;     Thou, sick with slumbers and fears,     Wilt thou sleep now indeed or arise?     With dreams and with words and with light     Memories and empty desires     Thou hast wrapped thyself round all night;     Thou hast shut up thine heart from the right,     And warmed thee at burnt-out fires.     Yet once if I smote at thy gate,     Thy sons would sleep not, but heard;     O thou that wast found so great,     Art thou smitten with folly or fate     That thy sons have forgotten my word?     O Cromwells mother, O breast     That suckled Milton! thy name     That was beautiful then, that was blest,     Is it wholly discrowned and deprest,     Trodden under by sloth into shame?     Why wilt thou hate me and die?     For none can hate me and live.     What ill have I done to thee? why     Wilt thou turn from me fighting, and fly,     Who would follow thy feet and forgive?     Thou hast seen me stricken, and said,     What is it to me? I am strong:     Thou hast seen me bowed down on my dead     And laughed and lifted thine head,     And washed thine hands of my wrong.     Thou hast put out the soul of thy sight;     Thou hast sought to my foemen as friend,     To my traitors that kiss me and smite,     To the kingdoms and empires of night     That begin with the darkness, and end.     Turn thee, awaken, arise,     With the light that is risen on the lands,     With the change of the fresh-coloured skies;     Set thine eyes on mine eyes,     Lay thy hands in my hands.     She moved and mourned as she heard,     Sighed and shifted her place,     As the wells of her slumber were stirred     By the music and wind of the word,     Then turned and covered her face.     Ah, she said in her sleep,     Is my work not done with and done?     Is there corn for my sickle to reap?     And strange is the pathway, and steep,     And sharp overhead is the sun.     I have done thee service enough,     Loved thee enough in my day;     Now nor hatred nor love     Nor hardly remembrance thereof     Lives in me to lighten my way.     And is it not well with us here?     Is change as good as is rest?     What hope should move me, or fear,     That eye should open or ear,     Who have long since won what is best?     Where among us are such things     As turn mens hearts into hell?     Have we not queens without stings,     Scotched princes, and fangless kings?     Yea, she said, we are well.     We have filed the teeth of the snake     Monarchy, how should it bite?     Should the slippery slow thing wake,     It will not sting for my sake;     Yea, she said, I do right.     So spake she, drunken with dreams,     Mad; but again in her ears     A voice as of storm-swelled streams     Spake; No brave shame then redeems     Thy lusts of sloth and thy fears?     Thy poor lie slain of thine hands,     Their starved limbs rot in thy sight;     As a shadow the ghost of thee stands     Among men living and lands,     And stirs not leftward or right.     Freeman he is not, but slave,     Who stands not out on my side;     His own hand hollows his grave,     Nor strength is in me to save     Where strength is none to abide.     Time shall tread on his name     That was written for honour of old,     Who hath taken in change for fame     Dust, and silver, and shame,     Ashes, and iron, and gold.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem expressively communicates a vision of the personified nation of England in profound slumber, implying a state of political inertia or decay. The personification of England as a woman and the figure of Liberty standing by her bedside are powerful metaphors that imbue the poem with a sense of urgency and melancholy.

The poem's structure follows a consistent rhyme scheme, which brings a rhythm that juxtaposes with the somber nature of the poem's themes. This contrast enhances the sense of tension throughout. The use of questions and direct address to both the sleeping nation and the reader render an accusatory tone, further emphasizing the theme of a nation's loss of glory and the need for awakening.

A recurring theme is the criticism of England's current state, with references to its glorious past, mentioning figures like Cromwell and Milton. The poet also uses vivid imagery, such as the "shroud" and "barren of glory and good," to convey a sense of death and decay, while contrasting it with the potential for rebirth and renewal, as suggested by the references to dawn and "fresh-coloured skies".

The poem's tone varies from mournful to accusatory, reflecting the poet's despair at England's state and his call for the nation to awaken and reclaim its former glory. The poet's use of an extended metaphor, comparing England's state to a deep sleep, is a powerful device that effectively communicates the urgency of the nation's situation.

Ultimately, the poem serves as a poignant critique of England's perceived apathy and decline, while simultaneously offering a call to action for awakening and renewal.

Understanding Elegy

An elegy is a form of poetry that expresses sorrow or lamentation, often for someone who has died. This type of poetry serves as a tribute to the deceased, reflecting on their life and the grief left behind.


Elegies are deeply emotional and personal, exploring themes of loss, mourning, and remembrance. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Mournful Tone: Elegies are characterized by a tone of sadness and reflection, as the poet grapples with the pain of loss.
  • Tribute to the Deceased: The subject of an elegy is often someone who has passed away, with the poem serving as a memorial that honors their life and legacy.
  • Personal Reflection: Elegies often include personal reflections on the impact of the deceased on the poet's life, as well as broader musings on mortality and the human condition.
  • Structure and Form: While elegies can vary in form, they often follow a traditional structure that includes an expression of grief, praise for the deceased, and a sense of consolation or acceptance.

From ancient times to the present, elegies have provided a way for poets to navigate the complexities of grief and loss, offering solace and a means of preserving the memory of those who have passed.