Astrophel

By Algernon Charles Swinburne

    After reading Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia in the garden of an old English manor house I     A star in the silence that follows     The song of the death of the sun     Speaks music in heaven, and the hollows     And heights of the world are as one;     One lyre that outsings and outlightens     The rapture of sunset, and thrills     Mute night till the sense of it brightens     The soul that it fills.     The flowers of the sun that is sunken     Hang heavy of heart as of head;     The bees that have eaten and drunken     The soul of their sweetness are fled;     But a sunflower of song, on whose honey     My spirit has fed as a bee,     Makes sunnier than morning was sunny     The twilight for me.     The letters and lines on the pages     That sundered mine eyes and the flowers     Wax faint as the shadows of ages     That sunder their season and ours;     As the ghosts of the centuries that sever     A season of colourless time     From the days whose remembrance is ever,     As they were, sublime.     The season that bred and that cherished     The soul that I commune with yet,     Had it utterly withered and perished     To rise not again as it set,     Shame were it that Englishmen living     Should read as their forefathers read     The books of the praise and thanksgiving     Of Englishmen dead.     O light of the land that adored thee     And kindled thy soul with her breath,     Whose life, such as fate would afford thee,     Was lovelier than aught but thy death,     By what name, could thy lovers but know it,     Might love of thee hail thee afar,     Philisides, Astrophel, poet     Whose love was thy star?     A star in the moondawn of Maytime,     A star in the cloudland of change;     Too splendid and sad for the daytime     To cheer or eclipse or estrange;     Too sweet for tradition or vision     To see but through shadows of tears     Rise deathless across the division     Of measureless years.     The twilight may deepen and harden     As nightward the stream of it runs     Till starshine transfigure a garden     Whose radiance responds to the sun's:     The light of the love of thee darkens     The lights that arise and that set:     The love that forgets thee not hearkens     If England forget. II     Bright and brief in the sight of grief and love the light of thy lifetime shone,     Seen and felt by the gifts it dealt, the grace it gave, and again was gone:     Ay, but now it is death, not thou, whom time has conquered as years pass on.     Ay, not yet may the land forget that bore and loved thee and praised and wept,     Sidney, lord of the stainless sword, the name of names that her heart's love kept     Fast as thine did her own, a sign to light thy life till it sank and slept.     Bright as then for the souls of men thy brave Arcadia resounds and shines,     Lit with love that beholds above all joys and sorrows the steadfast signs,     Faith, a splendour that hope makes tender, and truth, whose presage the soul divines.     All the glory that girds the story of all thy life as with sunlight round,     All the spell that on all souls fell who saw thy spirit, and held them bound,     Lives for all that have heard the call and cadence yet of its music sound.     Music bright as the soul of light, for wings an eagle, for notes a dove,     Leaps and shines from the lustrous lines wherethrough thy soul from afar above     Shone and sang till the darkness rang with light whose fire is the fount of love.     Love that led thee alive, and fed thy soul with sorrows and joys and fears,     Love that sped thee, alive and dead, to fame's fair goal with thy peerless peers,     Feeds the flame of thy quenchless name with light that lightens the rayless years.     Dark as sorrow though night and morrow may lower with presage of clouded fame,     How may she that of old bare thee, may Sidney's England, be brought to shame?     How should this be, while England is? What need of answer beyond thy name? III     From the love that transfigures thy glory,     From the light of the dawn of thy death,     The life of thy song and thy story     Took subtler and fierier breath.     And we, though the day and the morrow     Set fear and thanksgiving at strife,     Hail yet in the star of thy sorrow     The sun of thy life.     Shame and fear may beset men here, and bid thanksgiving and pride be dumb:     Faith, discrowned of her praise, and wound about with toils till her life wax numb,     Scarce may see if the sundawn be, if darkness die not and dayrise come.     But England, enmeshed and benetted     With spiritless villainies round,     With counsels of cowardice fretted,     With trammels of treason enwound,     Is yet, though the season be other     Than wept and rejoiced over thee,     Thine England, thy lover, thy mother,     Sublime as the sea.     Hers wast thou: if her face be now less bright, or seem for an hour less brave,     Let but thine on her darkness shine, thy saviour spirit revive and save,     Time shall see, as the shadows flee, her shame entombed in a shameful grave.     If death and not life were the portal     That opens on life at the last,     If the spirit of Sidney were mortal     And the past of it utterly past,     Fear stronger than honour was ever,     Forgetfulness mightier than fame,     Faith knows not if England should never     Subside into shame.     Yea, but yet is thy sun not set, thy sunbright spirit of trust withdrawn:     England's love of thee burns above all hopes that darken or fears that fawn:     Hers thou art: and the faithful heart that hopes begets upon darkness dawn.     The sunset that sunrise will follow     Is less than the dream of a dream:     The starshine on height and on hollow     Sheds promise that dawn shall redeem:     The night, if the daytime would hide it,     Shows lovelier, aflame and afar,     Thy soul and thy Stella's beside it,     A star by a star.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
The poem is a richly layered tribute to Sir Philip Sidney and his work, 'Arcadia'. It explores themes of remembrance, death, love, and the enduring power of literature. The poet uses the metaphor of the day's transition into night and the appearance of stars to symbolize the death of Sidney and the immortality of his influence. The poem's tone is elegiac yet celebratory, lamenting Sidney's death while simultaneously praising his lasting impact.

The poem is structured in three sections, each providing a different perspective on Sidney's legacy. The first section focuses on the immediate aftermath of his death, the second on his enduring influence, and the third on his potential power to inspire future generations. The poem utilizes a range of literary devices, including alliteration, metaphor, personification, and anaphora. The language is evocative and vivid, painting a picture of Sidney as a radiant star, a symbol of guidance and inspiration.

A significant theme in the poem is the power of literature to transcend death. This is shown through the metaphor of Sidney's work as a 'sunflower of song', which continues to 'make sunnier than morning was sunny the twilight'. This suggests that even in death, an author's work can continue to inspire and bring joy. The poem also dwells on the importance of remembrance, imploring contemporary Englishmen to not forget their literary heritage. The poet expresses a faith in the enduring love of England for Sidney and his work, despite the passage of time and the changing political climate.

Overall, the poem is a moving homage to a celebrated writer, highlighting the enduring power of literature and the importance of cultural memory. It serves as a reminder of the potent influence authors can have, even posthumously, and the timeless relevance of their work.

Understanding Elegy

An elegy is a form of poetry that expresses sorrow or lamentation, often for someone who has died. This type of poetry serves as a tribute to the deceased, reflecting on their life and the grief left behind.


Elegies are deeply emotional and personal, exploring themes of loss, mourning, and remembrance. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Mournful Tone: Elegies are characterized by a tone of sadness and reflection, as the poet grapples with the pain of loss.
  • Tribute to the Deceased: The subject of an elegy is often someone who has passed away, with the poem serving as a memorial that honors their life and legacy.
  • Personal Reflection: Elegies often include personal reflections on the impact of the deceased on the poet's life, as well as broader musings on mortality and the human condition.
  • Structure and Form: While elegies can vary in form, they often follow a traditional structure that includes an expression of grief, praise for the deceased, and a sense of consolation or acceptance.

From ancient times to the present, elegies have provided a way for poets to navigate the complexities of grief and loss, offering solace and a means of preserving the memory of those who have passed.