The Last Song Of Camoens.[1]

By William Lisle Bowles

    The morning shone on Tagus' rocky side,     And airs of summer swelled the yellow tide,     When, rising from his melancholy bed,     And faint, and feebly by Antonio[2] led,     Poor Camoens, subdued by want and woe,     Along the winding margin wandered slow,     His harp, that once could each warm feeling move     Of patriot glory or of tenderest love,     His sole and sable friend[3] (while a faint tone     Rose from the wires) placed by a mossy stone.     How beautiful the sun ascending shines     From ridge to ridge, along the purple vines!     How pure the azure of the opening skies!     How resonant the nearer rock replies     To call of early mariners! and, hark!     The distant whistle from yon parting bark,     That down the channel as serene she strays,     Her gray sail mingles with the morning haze,     Bound to explore, o'er ocean's stormy reign,     New lands that lurk amid the lonely main!     A transient fervour touched the old man's breast;     He raised his eyes, so long by care depressed,     And while they shone with momentary fire,     Ardent he struck the long-forgotten lyre.     From Tagus' yellow-sanded shore,     O'er the billows, as they roar,     O'er the blue sea, waste and wide,     Our bark threw back the burning tide,     By northern breezes cheer'ly borne,     On to the kingdoms of the morn.     Blanco, whose cold shadow vast     Chills the western wave, is past!     Huge Bojador, frowning high,     Thy dismal terrors we defy!     But who may violate the sleep     And silence of the sultry deep;     Where, beneath the intenser sun,[4]     Hot showers descend, red lightnings run;     Whilst all the pale expanse beneath     Lies burning wide, without a breath;     And at mid-day from the mast,     No shadow on the deck is cast!     Night by night, still seen the same,     Strange lights along the cordage flame,     Perhaps, the spirits of the good,[5]     That wander this forsaken flood     Sing to the seas, as slow we float,     A solemn and a holy note!     Spectre[6] of the southern main,     Thou barr'st our onward way in vain,     Wrapping the terrors of thy form,     In the thunder's rolling storm!     Fearless o'er the indignant tide,     On to the east our galleys ride.     Triumph! for the toil is o'er     We kiss the far-sought Indian shore!     Glittering to the orient ray,     The banners of the Cross display!     Does my heart exulting bound?     Alas, forlorn, I gaze around:     Feeble, poor, and old, I stand,     A stranger in my native land!     My sable slave (ah, no! my only friend,     Whose steps upon my rugged path attend)     Sees, but with tenderness that fears to speak,     The tear that trickles down my aged cheek!     My harp is silent, famine shrinks mine eye,     "Give me a little food for charity!"[7]

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is an evocative portrayal of the inner journey of the protagonist, Camoens, a man marked by time and hardship. The central theme revolves around the paradox of exploration and homecoming, where the joy of discovery is marred by the melancholy of being a stranger in one's own land. The tone is primarily somber, imbued with a sense of longing and desolation, which is underscored by the vividly painted natural landscapes that serve as the backdrop to this tale of personal struggle and emotional turbulence.

The poem's structure and literary devices contribute significantly to the depth and richness of its narrative. Traditional rhyming couplets lend a rhythmic quality to the poem, amplifying the sense of a journey unfolding. The poet employs vivid imagery and metaphoric language to convey both the external journey of the seafaring explorers and the internal journey of Camoens. For instance, the use of light and dark imagery, from the "sun ascending" to the "sable friend," symbolizes the protagonist's transition from hope to despair. Moreover, the harp, which is personified as Camoens's "sole and sable friend," serves as a poignant symbol of the protagonist's lost passion and creativity, further underscoring the poem's exploration of themes such as loss, solitude, and the struggle for survival. Ultimately, the poem is a moving commentary on the human condition, exploring the complex interplay between personal identity, belonging, and the relentless passage of time.

Exploring Narrative Poetry

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well. Unlike lyric poetry, which focuses on emotions and thoughts, narrative poetry is dedicated to storytelling, weaving tales that captivate readers through plot and character development.


Narrative poems are unique in their ability to combine the depth of storytelling with the expressive qualities of poetry. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Structured Plot: Narrative poems typically have a clear beginning, middle, and end, following a plot that might involve conflict, climax, and resolution, much like a short story or novel.
  • Character Development: Characters in narrative poems are often well-developed, with distinct voices and personalities that drive the story forward.
  • Descriptive Language: The language used in narrative poetry is vivid and descriptive, painting a clear picture of the scenes and events, while also conveying the emotions and atmosphere of the story.

From ancient epics like "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" to more modern narrative poems, this form continues to engage readers by blending the art of storytelling with the beauty and rhythm of poetry.