Rachel

By Matthew Arnold

    I     In paris all lookd hot and like to fade.     Brown in the garden of the Tuileries,     Brown with September, droopd the chestnut-trees.     Twas dawn; a brougham rolld through the streets, and made     Halt at the white and silent colonnade     Of the French Theatre. Worn with disease,     Rachel, with eyes no gazing can appease,     Sate in the brougham, and those blank walls surveyd.     She follows the gay world, whose swarms have fled     To Switzerland, to Baden, to the Rhine;     Why stops she by this empty play-house drear?     Ah, where the spirit its highest life hath led,     All spots, matchd with that spot, are less divine;     And Rachels Switzerland, her Rhine, is here!     II     Unto a lonely villa in a dell     Above the fragrant warm Provencal shore     The dying Rachel in a chair they bore     Up the steep pine-plumed paths of the Estrelle,     And laid her in a stately room, where fell     The shadow of a marble Muse of yore     The rose-crownd queen of legendary lore,     Polymnia, full on her death-bed. Twas well!     The fret and misery of our northern towns,     In this her lifes last day, our poor, our pain,     Our jangle of false wits, our climates frowns,     Do for this radiant Greek-sould artist cease;     Sole object of her dying eyes remain     The beauty and the glorious art of Greece.     III     Sprung from the blood of Israels scatterd race,     At a mean inn in German Aarau born,     To forms from antique Greece and Rome uptorn,     Trickd out with a Parisian speech and face,     Imparting life renewd, old classic grace;     Then soothing with thy Christian strain forlorn,     A-Kempis! her departing soul outworn,     While by her bedside Hebrew rites have place     Ah, not the radiant spirit of Greece alone     She had one power, which made her breast its home!     In her, like us, there clashd, contending powers,     Germany, France, Christ, Moses, Athens, Rome.     The strife, the mixture in her soul, are ours;     Her genius and her glory are her own.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem presents a rich, layered narrative that encapsulates the themes of mortality, identity, and the transformative power of art. The poet employs a solemn, reflective tone that complements the tragic journey of the central character, Rachel, from the bustling streets of Paris to her final days in a tranquil villa. This movement signifies a transition from a worldly life to an impending death, with a focus on Rachel's internalization of her own mortality and her connection to her art.

In terms of structure, the poem is divided into three sections, each contributing to the development of the narrative and the exploration of complex themes. The poet uses vivid imagery and a variety of literary devices. For example, the metaphor of the "gay world" fleeing to Switzerland and the Rhine offers a stark contrast to Rachel's stationary position, suggesting a sense of isolation and the inescapability of her fate.

The poem also grapples with the theme of cultural identity, portraying Rachel as a figure who embodies the clash of "Germany, France, Christ, Moses, Athens, Rome." Her character symbolizes the intersection of various influences and the struggle to maintain individuality amidst them. This is a potent commentary on the complexities of identity, as well as an acknowledgement of the individual's ability to shape and be shaped by multiple cultural forces.

Finally, the poem's focus on the power of art – as seen in Rachel's connection to the theater and classical Greece, and her final sight being "The beauty and the glorious art of Greece" – underlines the idea that art can provide solace, meaning, and a lasting legacy even in the face of imminent death. The poem thus elegantly intertwines themes of mortality, identity, and art, offering a poignant exploration of the human condition.

Understanding the Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the most enduring and celebrated forms of poetry, known for its strict structure and profound themes. With a history spanning centuries, sonnets have been used to explore love, beauty, politics, and mortality, all within the confines of just 14 lines.


Sonnets are characterized by their precise form and rhyme scheme, which vary depending on the type of sonnet. Here’s a closer look:

  • Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: Composed of three quatrains followed by a final couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG. This form often builds a complex argument or narrative, culminating in a powerful closing statement.
  • Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: Divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with a typical rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA for the octave, followed by various patterns in the sestet such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The octave usually presents a problem, with the sestet providing a resolution.
  • Meter: Sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter, which gives the poem a rhythmic and melodic quality that enhances its emotional impact.

The sonnet’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to condense complex emotions and ideas into a small but potent package, making it a favorite form for poets seeking to explore profound themes with precision and elegance.