Duty

By Arthur Hugh Clough

    Duty thats to say, complying,     With whateers expected here;     On your unknown cousins dying,     Straight be ready with the tear;     Upon etiquette relying,     Unto usage nought denying,     Lend your waist to be embraced,     Blush not even, never fear;     Claims of kith and kin connection,     Claims of manners honour still,     Ready money of affection     Pay, whoever drew the bill.     With the form conforming duly,     Senseless what it meaneth truly,     Go to church the world require you,     To balls the world require you too,     And marry papa and mamma desire you,     And your sisters and schoolfellows do.     Duty tis to take on trust     What things are good, and right, and just;     And whether indeed they be or be not,     Try not, test not, feel not, see not:     Tis walk and dance, sit down and rise     By leading, opening neer your eyes;     Stunt sturdy limbs that Nature gave,     And be drawn in a Bath chair along to the grave.     Tis the stern and prompt suppressing,     As an obvious deadly sin,     All the questing and the guessing     Of the souls own soul within:     Tis the coward acquiescence     In a destinys behest,     To a shade by terror made,     Sacrificing, aye, the essence     Of all thats truest, noblest, best:     Tis the blind non-recognition     Or of goodness, truth, or beauty,     Save by precept and submission;     Moral blank, and moral void,     Life at very birth destroyed.     Atrophy, exinanition!     Duty!     Yea, by dutys prime condition     Pure nonentity of duty!

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
The poem explores the theme of societal expectations and the constraints they place on individual freedom and authenticity. The speaker critiques societal norms, such as mourning for unknown relatives, participating in public rituals, and adhering to certain etiquette. These are seen as rote performances that often lack personal meaning, yet are performed out of a sense of duty. The tone is critical and somewhat cynical, suggesting a deep disillusionment with societal norms and conventions.

The poem is structured as a series of declarative sentences, with the repetition of the word "Duty" acting as a refrain, emphasizing the burden of societal expectations. The language is straightforward, featuring a strong rhythm and rhyming couplets, which lend a satirical edge to the critique.

The poem employs a number of literary devices, notably irony and hyperbole. The line about being "drawn in a Bath chair along to the grave" is a hyperbolic image emphasizing how societal expectations can stifle personal growth and freedom, leading to a life of conformity and monotony. Similarly, the poem's final lines depict a moral void, a life destroyed at birth by the imposition of duty, which is a ironic twist on the conventional notion of duty as a positive, guiding principle.

Overall, the poem presents a scathing critique of societal norms and expectations, questioning the value of duty when it suppresses individuality and authenticity. It invites readers to question their own adherence to societal norms and to consider the possibility of a life lived more authentically.

Understanding Satirical Poetry

Satirical poems use wit, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to expose folly—personal, social, or political. The aim isn’t just laughter: it’s critique that nudges readers toward insight or change.


Common characteristics of satirical poetry:

  • Targeted Critique: Focuses on specific behaviors, institutions, or ideas—often timely, sometimes timeless.
  • Tools of Irony: Uses sarcasm, parody, understatement, and hyperbole to sharpen the point.
  • Voice & Persona: Speakers may be unreliable or exaggerated to reveal contradictions and hypocrisy.
  • Form Flexibility: Appears in couplets, tercets, quatrains, blank verse, or free verse—music serves the mockery.
  • Moral Pressure: Beneath the humor lies ethical pressure—satire seeks reform, not merely amusement.
  • Public & Personal: Can lampoon public figures and trends or needle private vanities and everyday pretenses.

The best satire balances bite with craft: memorable lines that entertain while revealing the gap between how things are and how they ought to be.