The Dying Swan

By Alfred Lord Tennyson

I. The plain was grassy, wild and bare, Wide, wild, and open to the air, Which had built up everywhere An under-roof of doleful gray. With an inner voice the river ran, Adown it floated a dying swan, And loudly did lament. It was the middle of the day. Ever the weary wind went on, And took the reed-tops as it went. II. Some blue peaks in the distance rose, And white against the cold-white sky, Shone out their crowning snows. One willow over the river wept, And shook the wave as the wind did sigh; Above in the wind was the swallow, Chasing itself at its own wild will, And far thro the marish green and still The tangled water-courses slept, Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow. III. The wild swans death-hymn took the soul Of that waste place with joy Hidden in sorrow: at first to the ear The warble was low, and full and clear; And floating about the under-sky, Prevailing in weakness, the coronach stole Sometimes afar, and sometimes anear; But anon her awful jubilant voice, With a music strange and manifold, Flowd forth on a carol free and bold; As when a mighty people rejoice With shawms, and with cymbals, and harps of gold, And the tumult of their acclaim is rolld Thro the open gates of the city afar, To the shepherd who watcheth the evening star. And the creeping mosses and clambering weeds, And the willow-branches hoar and dank, And the wavy swell of the soughing reeds, And the wave-worn horns of the echoing bank, And the silvery marish-flowers that throng The desolate creeks and pools among, Were flooded over with eddying song.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is a beautifully rendered landscape piece where the natural world is depicted in lush and evocative detail. The primary themes that emerge are the interplay of life and death, the power of nature, and the melancholy beauty found in desolation. The death of the swan, presented as a lament, symbolizes the cyclical nature of life and death, which is echoed in the changing landscape.

The tone of the poem is somber yet deeply appreciative of the inherent beauty found in nature. The poet uses descriptive language and vivid imagery to bring to life the scene while also infusing it with emotional depth. The structure of the poem, divided into three distinct sections or stanzas, seems to mimic the progression of time or stages in a life cycle.

Metaphorical language is used effectively to create a sense of place and mood, such as the under-roof of “doleful gray” representing the overcast sky, and the “dying swan” as a poignant representation of life's fragility. The use of color throughout the poem – gray, blue, white, purple, green, yellow – serves to paint a vivid picture of the scene while also invoking certain emotions and moods.

The poem concludes on a note of transcendence, with the swan's death-hymn flooding the landscape, transforming sorrow into a kind of jubilant song. This paradoxical moment suggests the idea that beauty and joy can emerge from sorrow, and that death, while a part of life's cycle, can also be a cause for celebration. Overall, this poem is a sophisticated blend of vivid imagery, emotional depth, and thoughtful reflection on nature and life's fleeting moments.

Understanding Elegy

An elegy is a form of poetry that expresses sorrow or lamentation, often for someone who has died. This type of poetry serves as a tribute to the deceased, reflecting on their life and the grief left behind.


Elegies are deeply emotional and personal, exploring themes of loss, mourning, and remembrance. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Mournful Tone: Elegies are characterized by a tone of sadness and reflection, as the poet grapples with the pain of loss.
  • Tribute to the Deceased: The subject of an elegy is often someone who has passed away, with the poem serving as a memorial that honors their life and legacy.
  • Personal Reflection: Elegies often include personal reflections on the impact of the deceased on the poet's life, as well as broader musings on mortality and the human condition.
  • Structure and Form: While elegies can vary in form, they often follow a traditional structure that includes an expression of grief, praise for the deceased, and a sense of consolation or acceptance.

From ancient times to the present, elegies have provided a way for poets to navigate the complexities of grief and loss, offering solace and a means of preserving the memory of those who have passed.