For The Commemoration Services

By Oliver Wendell Holmes

    Four summers coined their golden light in leaves,     Four wasteful autumns flung them to the gale,     Four winters wore the shroud the tempest weaves,     The fourth wan April weeps o'er hill and vale;     And still the war-clouds scowl on sea and land,     With the red gleams of battle staining through,     When lo! as parted by an angel's hand,     They open, and the heavens again are blue!     Which is the dream, the present or the past?     The night of anguish or the joyous morn?     The long, long years with horrors overcast,     Or the sweet promise of the day new-born?     Tell us, O father, as thine arms infold     Thy belted first-born in their fast embrace,     Murmuring the prayer the patriarch breathed of old, -     "Now let me die, for I have seen thy face!"     Tell us, O mother, - nay, thou canst not speak,     But thy fond eyes shall answer, brimmed with joy, -     Press thy mute lips against the sunbrowned cheek,     Is this a phantom, - thy returning boy?     Tell us, O maiden, - ah, what canst thou tell     That Nature's record is not first to teach, -     The open volume all can read so well,     With its twin rose-hued pages full of speech?     And ye who mourn your dead, - how sternly true     The crushing hour that wrenched their lives away,     Shadowed with sorrow's midnight veil for you,     For them the dawning of immortal day!     Dream-like these years of conflict, not a dream!     Death, ruin, ashes tell the awful tale,     Read by the flaming war-track's lurid gleam     No dream, but truth that turns the nations pale.     For on the pillar raised by martyr hands     Burns the rekindled beacon of the right,     Sowing its seeds of fire o'er all the lands, -     Thrones look a century older in its light!     Rome had her triumphs; round the conqueror's car     The ensigns waved, the brazen clarions blew,     And o'er the reeking spoils of bandit war     With outspread wings the cruel eagles flew;     Arms, treasures, captives, kings in clanking chains     Urged on by trampling cohorts bronzed and scarred,     And wild-eyed wonders snared on Lybian plains,     Lion and ostrich and camelopard.     Vain all that praetors clutched, that consuls brought     When Rome's returning legions crowned their lord;     Less than the least brave deed these hands have wrought,     We clasp, unclinching from the bloody sword.     Theirs was the mighty work that seers foretold;     They know not half their glorious toil has won,     For this is Heaven's same battle,-joined of old     When Athens fought for us at Marathon!     Behold a vision none hath understood!     The breaking of the Apocalyptic seal;     Twice rings the summons. - Hail and fire and blood!     Then the third angel blows his trumpet-peal.     Loud wail the dwellers on the myrtled coasts,     The green savannas swell the maddened cry,     And with a yell from all the demon hosts     Falls the great star called Wormwood from the sky!     Bitter it mingles with the poisoned flow     Of the warm rivers winding to the shore,     Thousands must drink the waves of death and woe,     But the star Wormwood stains the heavens no more!     Peace smiles at last; the Nation calls her sons     To sheathe the sword; her battle-flag she furls,     Speaks in glad thunders from unspotted guns,     No terror shrouded in the smoke-wreath's curls.     O ye that fought for Freedom, living, dead,     One sacred host of God's anointed Queen,     For every holy, drop your veins have shed     We breathe a welcome to our bowers of green!     Welcome, ye living! from the foeman's gripe     Your country's banner it was yours to wrest, -     Ah, many a forehead shows the banner-stripe,     And stars, once crimson, hallow many a breast.     And ye, pale heroes, who from glory's bed     Mark when your old battalions form in line,     Move in their marching ranks with noiseless tread,     And shape unheard the evening countersign,     Come with your comrades, the returning brave;     Shoulder to shoulder they await you here;     These lent the life their martyr-brothers gave, -     Living and dead alike forever dear!

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem utilizes the cyclical structure of the four seasons to explore themes of war, transformation, and the passage of time. It begins with a vivid portrayal of the changing seasons, highlighting the ephemerality of life and the constant flux of nature. The poet then transitions to a darker motif of war, employing powerful imagery of "war-clouds" and "red gleams of battle" to depict the chaos and destruction wrought by conflict.

The poem exhibits a deeply introspective tone, questioning the nature of reality and our perception of it. This is observed particularly in the lines questioning whether "the present or the past" is the dream. It is a poignant examination of the human condition in times of war, emphasizing the dissonance between the harsh realities of conflict and our longing for peace.

The poet makes effective use of various literary devices, including vivid imagery, personification, and metaphor, to convey the stark contrast between nature's peaceful cycle and the human-induced chaos of war. The language is rich and expressive, painting a vivid picture of the tumultuous emotions experienced by those affected by war, from fathers and mothers to the soldiers themselves.

In the latter part of the poem, themes of redemption, hope, and renewal emerge. The poet uses the symbol of the "rekindled beacon of the right" to suggest a collective awakening or enlightenment following the devastation of war. This shift in tone from despair to hopefulness underscores the poem's overarching message about the human capacity for resilience and renewal amidst adversity.

Overall, the poem is a profound exploration of the human experience in times of war and peace, offering a poignant commentary on the cyclical nature of life and the enduring human spirit.

Exploring Narrative Poetry

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well. Unlike lyric poetry, which focuses on emotions and thoughts, narrative poetry is dedicated to storytelling, weaving tales that captivate readers through plot and character development.


Narrative poems are unique in their ability to combine the depth of storytelling with the expressive qualities of poetry. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Structured Plot: Narrative poems typically have a clear beginning, middle, and end, following a plot that might involve conflict, climax, and resolution, much like a short story or novel.
  • Character Development: Characters in narrative poems are often well-developed, with distinct voices and personalities that drive the story forward.
  • Descriptive Language: The language used in narrative poetry is vivid and descriptive, painting a clear picture of the scenes and events, while also conveying the emotions and atmosphere of the story.

From ancient epics like "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" to more modern narrative poems, this form continues to engage readers by blending the art of storytelling with the beauty and rhythm of poetry.