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By John Greenleaf Whittier

    The tree of Faith its bare, dry boughs must shed     That nearer heaven the living ones may climb;     The false must fail, though from our shores of time     The old lament be heard, "Great Pan is dead!"     That wail is Error's, from his high place hurled;     This sharp recoil is Evil undertrod;     Our time's unrest, an angel sent of God     Troubling with life the waters of the world.     Even as they list the winds of the Spirit blow     To turn or break our century-rusted vanes;     Sands shift and waste; the rock alone remains     Where, led of Heaven, the strong tides come and go,     And storm-clouds, rent by thunderbolt and wind,     Leave, free of mist, the permanent stars behind.     Therefore I trust, although to outward sense     Both true and false seem shaken; I will hold     With newer light my reverence for the old,     And calmly wait the births of Providence.     No gain is lost; the clear-eyed saints look down     Untroubled on the wreck of schemes and creeds;     Love yet remains, its rosary of good deeds     Counting in task-field and o'erpeopled town;     Truth has charmed life; the Inward Word survives,     And, day by day, its revelation brings;     Faith, hope, and charity, whatsoever things     Which cannot be shaken, stand. Still holy lives     Reveal the Christ of whom the letter told,     And the new gospel verifies the old.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is a meditation on the nature of faith and its relationship to the world, exploring the tension between the fleeting and the eternal, the false and the true. The poem's structure, with its irregular stanza pattern and consistent use of enjambment, creates a sense of urgency and flow, mirroring the speaker's thoughts on the subject. The voice is introspective and philosophical, with a tone that is both somber and hopeful. The poem's use of imagery and sound is notable for its ability to evoke a sense of contrast between the ephemeral and the permanent. The tree of Faith with its bare, dry boughs stands in stark relief to the permanent stars that remain unshaken by the storms of the world. The sound of the poem, with its use of assonance and consonance, adds to the sense of continuity and endurance. The poem's structural turn, from a focus on the collapse of old certainties to a celebration of the enduring power of faith and love, is marked by a shift from the turbulent language of the first stanza to the more tranquil and affirmative language of the second.

Understanding the Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the most enduring and celebrated forms of poetry, known for its strict structure and profound themes. With a history spanning centuries, sonnets have been used to explore love, beauty, politics, and mortality, all within the confines of just 14 lines.


Sonnets are characterized by their precise form and rhyme scheme, which vary depending on the type of sonnet. Here’s a closer look:

  • Shakespearean (English) Sonnet: Composed of three quatrains followed by a final couplet, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFEFGG. This form often builds a complex argument or narrative, culminating in a powerful closing statement.
  • Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet: Divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with a typical rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA for the octave, followed by various patterns in the sestet such as CDECDE or CDCDCD. The octave usually presents a problem, with the sestet providing a resolution.
  • Meter: Sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter, which gives the poem a rhythmic and melodic quality that enhances its emotional impact.

The sonnet’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to condense complex emotions and ideas into a small but potent package, making it a favorite form for poets seeking to explore profound themes with precision and elegance.