A Bird's-Eye View

By Christina Georgina Rossetti

    'Croak, croak, croak,'     Thus the Raven spoke,     Perched on his crooked tree     As hoarse as hoarse could be.     Shun him and fear him,     Lest the Bridegroom hear him;     Scout him and rout him     With his ominous eye about him.     Yet, 'Croak, croak, croak,'     Still tolled from the oak;     From that fatal black bird,     Whether heard or unheard:     'O ship upon the high seas,     Freighted with lives and spices,     Sink, O ship,' croaked the Raven:     'Let the Bride mount to heaven.'     In a far foreign land,     Upon the wave-edged sand,     Some friends gaze wistfully     Across the glittering sea.     'If we could clasp our sister,'     Three say, 'now we have missed her!'     'If we could kiss our daughter!'     Two sigh across the water.     Oh, the ship sails fast     With silken flags at the mast,     And the home-wind blows soft;     But a Raven sits aloft,     Chuckling and choking,     Croaking, croaking, croaking: -     Let the beacon-fire blaze higher;     Bridegroom, watch; the Bride draws nigher.     On a sloped sandy beach,     Which the spring-tide billows reach,     Stand a watchful throng     Who have hoped and waited long:     'Fie on this ship, that tarries     With the priceless freight it carries.     The time seems long and longer:     O languid wind, wax stronger;' -     Whilst the Raven perched at ease     Still croaks and does not cease,     One monotonous note     Tolled from his iron throat:     'No father, no mother,     But I have a sable brother:     He sees where ocean flows to,     And he knows what he knows, too.'     A day and a night     They kept watch worn and white;     A night and a day     For the swift ship on its way:     For the Bride and her maidens      - Clear chimes the bridal cadence -     For the tall ship that never     Hove in sight for ever.     On either shore, some     Stand in grief loud or dumb     As the dreadful dread     Grows certain though unsaid.     For laughter there is weeping,     And waking instead of sleeping,     And a desperate sorrow     Morrow after morrow.     Oh, who knows the truth,     How she perished in her youth,     And like a queen went down     Pale in her royal crown:     How she went up to glory     From the sea-foam chill and hoary,     From the sea-depth black and riven     To the calm that is in Heaven?     They went down, all the crew,     The silks and spices too,     The great ones and the small,     One and all, one and all.     Was it through stress of weather,     Quicksands, rocks, or all together?     Only the Raven knows this,     And he will not disclose this. -     After a day and year     The bridal bells chime clear;     After a year and a day     The Bridegroom is brave and gay:     Love is sound, faith is rotten;     The old Bride is forgotten: -     Two ominous Ravens only     Remember, black and lonely.

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Poem Details

Language: English
Keywords: Public Domain
Source: Public Domain Collection
Rights/Permissions: Public Domain

Analysis & Notes:
This poem is rich in imagery and possesses a haunting melancholy that pervades each verse. A central theme is the inevitability of death - symbolized by the persistent "croak" of the raven - and how it disrupts human connection, symbolized by the bride's ship journey. The raven, a traditional emblem of death and foreboding in literature, serves as a relentless harbinger of the tragic end awaiting the bride, the ship, and its crew.

The poem's structure, with its repetitive phrases and refrains, accentuates the inescapable presence of death. The repetition of the raven's "croak," in particular, creates an ominous tone, while reinforcing the poem's central theme. The tone is further emphasized through the use of bleak, evocative imagery, such as the "sea-depth black and raven" and the "sable brother."

There's a clever use of contrast in the poem as well. The hopeful anticipation of the bride's friends and family sharply contrasts with the grim certainty of the raven. Additionally, the poem's closing lines suggest a critique of human forgetfulness and the easy dismissal of past tragedies, contrasting the "brave and gay" bridegroom with the "forgotten" bride. This serves to highlight the poignant theme of loss and remembrance in the face of life's transient nature.

Overall, the poem is a strong exploration of death, loss, and the human response to these inevitable aspects of existence. Its strength lies in its potent symbolism, emotive imagery, and engaging structural techniques, which all work together to leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Exploring Narrative Poetry

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well. Unlike lyric poetry, which focuses on emotions and thoughts, narrative poetry is dedicated to storytelling, weaving tales that captivate readers through plot and character development.


Narrative poems are unique in their ability to combine the depth of storytelling with the expressive qualities of poetry. Here are some defining characteristics:

  • Structured Plot: Narrative poems typically have a clear beginning, middle, and end, following a plot that might involve conflict, climax, and resolution, much like a short story or novel.
  • Character Development: Characters in narrative poems are often well-developed, with distinct voices and personalities that drive the story forward.
  • Descriptive Language: The language used in narrative poetry is vivid and descriptive, painting a clear picture of the scenes and events, while also conveying the emotions and atmosphere of the story.

From ancient epics like "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" to more modern narrative poems, this form continues to engage readers by blending the art of storytelling with the beauty and rhythm of poetry.